Planar Silicon Metamaterial Lenslet Arrays for Spaceborne Millimeter-wavelength Imaging

Large imaging arrays of detectors at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths have spaceborne applications that include measurements of the faint polarization signal in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), and submillimeter astrophysics. Precision spaceborne measurements of the faint CMB polarization signal have the potential to probe physics at GUT energy scales, when the universe was thought to have undergone a rapid period of exponential expansion called inflation. Future spaceborne submillimeter and far-infrared missions will reveal information about the first stars and the early history of galaxy evolution. One challenge in making large focal plane arrays is how to couple the detectors to the intrument optics in a way that is scalable, easily fabricable, broadband, and robust during launch and in the space environment. Here we propose to develop planar lenslet arrays using metamaterials fabricated using silicon wafers. Instead of curved optical surfaces, the lenslets consist of a stack of silicon wafers each patterned with a periodic array of subwavelength features. We will develop two approaches based on our previous work: gradient-index (GRIN) lenslets produced by etching radially varying holes in the wafers, and metal-mesh lenslets produced by depositing a radially varying metal mesh grid that acts as a series of transmission line (TL) lumped element filters to control the wavefront phase delay across the lenslet. The advantage of these techniques is that they can be fabricated in only a few steps; they are precise, repeatable, scalable, mechanically robust, and the flat optical surface lends itself to a variety of broadband anti-reflection (AR) coating techniques, including impedance matching to free space using metamaterial itself. More »