{"projectId":9727,"project":{"projectId":9727,"title":"An Instrument to Measure Aircraft Sulfate Particle Emissions","startDate":"2011-02-18","startYear":2011,"startMonth":2,"endDate":"2011-09-29","endYear":2011,"endMonth":9,"programId":73,"program":{"ableToSelect":false,"acronym":"SBIR/STTR","isActive":true,"description":"<p>The NASA SBIR and STTR programs fund the research, development, and demonstration of innovative technologies that fulfill NASA needs as described in the annual Solicitations and have significant potential for successful commercialization. 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Moreover, sulfuric acid has been shown to be a key component in atmospheric nucleation events. Improved instruments are required for rapid, size- and composition resolved measurements of sulfate particles. Current instruments are inadequate for characterizing particles smaller than 50 nm, suffer severe interferences from other atmospheric gases, lack composition resolution, lack size resolution, or lack the required sensitivity.<br /> <br />The primary application of the proposed TILDAS-sulfate instrument will be characterization of aircraft particle emissions. NASA has sponsored a number of major aircraft particle characterization tests, including the three APEX experiments and the AAFEX experiment. These measurement activities have contributed to a growing understanding of aircraft exhaust particles. However, despite substantial effort, many questions remain. 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By directly measuring particle bound sulfate and with limited restrictions on the particle size that can be detected the TILDAS-sulfate instrument will help answer these two important outstanding questions faced by NASA.","releaseStatus":"Released","status":"Completed","destinationType":["Earth"],"trlBegin":2,"trlCurrent":4,"trlEnd":4,"favorited":false,"detailedFunding":false,"programContacts":[{"contactId":62051,"canUserEdit":false,"firstName":"Carlos","lastName":"Torrez","fullName":"Carlos Torrez","fullNameInverted":"Torrez, Carlos","email":"carlos.torrez@nasa.gov","receiveEmail":"Subscribed_User","programContactRole":"Program_Manager","programContactId":606,"programId":73,"programContactRolePretty":"Program Manager","projectContactRolePretty":""},{"contactId":206378,"canUserEdit":false,"firstName":"Jason","lastName":"Kessler","fullName":"Jason L Kessler","fullNameInverted":"Kessler, Jason L","middleInitial":"L","email":"jason.l.kessler@nasa.gov","receiveEmail":"Subscribed_User","programContactRole":"Program_Director","programContactId":607,"programId":73,"programContactRolePretty":"Program Director","projectContactRolePretty":""}],"endDateString":"Sep 2011","startDateString":"Feb 2011"},"relatedProjectId":9368,"relatedProject":{"projectId":9368,"title":"An Instrument to Measure Aircraft Sulfate Particle Emissions","startDate":"2012-04-30","startYear":2012,"startMonth":4,"endDate":"2014-10-30","endYear":2014,"endMonth":10,"programId":73,"program":{"ableToSelect":false,"acronym":"SBIR/STTR","isActive":true,"description":"<p>The NASA SBIR and STTR programs fund the research, development, and demonstration of innovative technologies that fulfill NASA needs as described in the annual Solicitations and have significant potential for successful commercialization. If you are a small business concern (SBC) with 500 or fewer employees or a non-profit RI such as a university or a research laboratory with ties to an SBC, then NASA encourages you to learn more about the SBIR and STTR programs as a potential source of seed funding for the development of your innovations.</p><p><strong>The SBIR and STTR programs have 3 phases</strong>:</p><ul><li><strong>Phase I</strong> is the opportunity to establish the scientific, technical, and commercial feasibility of the proposed innovation in fulfillment of NASA needs.</li><li><strong>Phase II</strong> is focused on the development, demonstration and delivery of the proposed innovation.</li></ul><p>The SBIR and STTR Phase I contracts last for 6 months with a maximum funding of $125,000, and Phase II contracts last for 24 months with a maximum funding of $750,000 - $1.5 million.</p><ul><li><strong>Phase III</strong> is the commercialization of innovative technologies, products, and services resulting from either a Phase I or Phase II contract. Phase III contracts are funded from sources other than the SBIR and STTR programs and may be awarded without further competition.</li></ul><p><strong>Opportunity for Continued Technology Development Post-Phase II</strong>:</p><p>The NASA SBIR/STTR Program currently has in place two initiatives for supporting its small business partners past the basic Phase I and Phase II elements of the program that emphasize opportunities for commercialization. Specifically, the NASA SBIR/STTR Program has the Phase II Enhancement (Phase II-E) and Phase II eXpanded (Phase II-X) contract options.&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Please review the links below to obtain more information on the SBIR/STTR programs.</strong></p><ul><li><strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/ParticipationGuide.pdf\">Participation Guide</a></strong></li></ul><p>Provides an overview of the SBIR and STTR programs as implemented by NASA</p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"http://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/solicitations\">Program Solicitations</a></strong></li></ul><p>Provides access to the annual SBIR/STTR Solicitations containing detailed information on the program eligibility requirements, proposal instructions and research topics and subtopics</p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"http://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/prg_sched_anncmnt\">Schedule and Awards</a></strong></li></ul><p>Schedule and links for the SBIR/STTR solicitations and selection announcements</p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"http://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/content/additional-sources-assistance\">Sources of Assistance</a></strong></li></ul><p>Federal and non-Federal sources of assistance for small business</p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"http://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/abstract_archives\">Awarded Abstracts</a></strong></li></ul><p>Search our complete archive of awarded project abstracts to learn about what NASA has funded</p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"http://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/content/frequently-asked-questions\">Frequently Asked Questions</a></strong></li></ul><p>&nbsp;Still have questions? Visit the program FAQs</p>","parentProgram":{"ableToSelect":false,"isActive":true,"description":"Catalyst is a portfolio of early stage programs that specialize in different innovation constituencies and mechanisms to push the state of the art in aerospace technology development","programId":92327,"responsibleMd":{"canUserEdit":false,"locationEdit":false,"organizationRolePretty":"","organizationTypePretty":""},"title":"Catalyst","manageGaps":false,"acronymOrTitle":"Catalyst"},"parentProgramId":92327,"programId":73,"responsibleMd":{"organizationId":4875,"organizationName":"Space Technology Mission Directorate","acronym":"STMD","organizationType":"NASA_Mission_Directorate","canUserEdit":false,"locationEdit":false,"organizationRolePretty":"","organizationTypePretty":"NASA Mission Directorate"},"responsibleMdOffice":4875,"stockImageFileId":36648,"title":"Small Business Innovation Research/Small Business Tech Transfer","manageGaps":false,"acronymOrTitle":"SBIR/STTR"},"description":"Aerodyne is developing a sulfate detection instrument, based on the Tunable Infrared Laser Differential Absorption Spectrophotometer (TILDAS) technology and therefore termed the \"TILDAS-sulfate\" instrument, for measurement of the size-resolved sulfate PM emissions of aircraft engine combustion. 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In Phase II, we plan to: upgrade the instrument and incorporate improvements to Aerodyne's TILDAS technology to improve the detection limit to as low as 60 ng per meter cubed – on a 1-sec data acquisition cycle; test the upgraded instrument in the laboratory; demonstrate the instrument in the field for characterization of aircraft engine particle emissions.","benefits":"NASA applications include characterization of aircraft sulfate emissions and atmospheric particle characterization tests. Sulfate is one of the major categories of aircraft particle emissions and it plays a crucial role in determining the size distribution of particles in the evolving plume. Sulfate is an important contributor to the urban and atmospheric PM balance. NASA is spearheading efforts to encourage adoption of alternatives to petroleum jet fuel and the TILDAS-sulfate instrument can play an important role by helping to demonstrate the potential emissions reductions possible with the alternative fuels. In terms of atmospheric studies, sulfate is emitted directly from a number of anthropogenic sources (coal-fired power plants, aircraft) and formed in the atmosphere by oxidation of sulfur dioxide. Time resolved measurements of particle sulfate would permit differentiation from potential sulfate sources, crucial for better understanding and mitigation. The field of atmospheric nucleation is both active and – due to potential climate change implications – timely. An instrument capable of field deployment and simultaneous measurement of <50 nm sulfuric acid and trace gas sulfur dioxide would provide valuable information to resolve current debates on the importance of sulfuric acid and organic materials to atmospheric nucleation processes.<br /> <br />NASA, EPA, SERDP, U.S. Air Force, FAA, airport operators, and engine manufacturers are all aircraft particle emissions stakeholders. EPA in particular has maintained that aircraft emissions regulations must taken into account both non-volatile particle (soot) emissions and volatile (sulfate and organic) particle emissions. The FAA has been considering mandating use of lower sulfur jet fuels and the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy are aggressively pursuing low-sulfur synthetic fuels and synthetic fuel blends for use in their aircraft. We anticipate working with these partners to characterize particle emissions, develop better airport and Air Force base operation procedures, and design lower emissions aircraft engines and fuels. The TILDAS-sulfate instrument will be an important capability in these efforts. A primary factor in all of these is reduction of particle emissions, specifically sulfate particle emissions. Few commercial instruments are capable of providing direct measurements of sulfate particle emissions, and none of them match the specifications we are targeting for the TILDAS-sulfate instrument. Additional potential non-NASA applications include: diesel exhaust characterization, atmospheric chemistry studies, urban air quality studies, and industrial pollution characterization. Out of these applications, DOE and NOAA are specifically interested in improving understanding of anthropogenic contributions to climate change and the role of particle emissions.","releaseStatus":"Released","status":"Completed","destinationType":["Earth"],"trlBegin":3,"trlCurrent":5,"trlEnd":5,"favorited":false,"detailedFunding":false,"programContacts":[{"contactId":62051,"canUserEdit":false,"firstName":"Carlos","lastName":"Torrez","fullName":"Carlos Torrez","fullNameInverted":"Torrez, Carlos","email":"carlos.torrez@nasa.gov","receiveEmail":"Subscribed_User","programContactRole":"Program_Manager","programContactId":606,"programId":73,"programContactRolePretty":"Program Manager","projectContactRolePretty":""},{"contactId":206378,"canUserEdit":false,"firstName":"Jason","lastName":"Kessler","fullName":"Jason L Kessler","fullNameInverted":"Kessler, Jason L","middleInitial":"L","email":"jason.l.kessler@nasa.gov","receiveEmail":"Subscribed_User","programContactRole":"Program_Director","programContactId":607,"programId":73,"programContactRolePretty":"Program Director","projectContactRolePretty":""}],"endDateString":"Oct 2014","startDateString":"Apr 2012"},"technologyOutcomePartner":"Other","technologyOutcomeDate":"2012-04-30","technologyOutcomePath":"Advanced_To","infoText":"Advanced within the program","infoTextExtra":"Another project within the program (An Instrument to Measure Aircraft Sulfate Particle Emissions)","isIndirect":false,"infusionPretty":"","isBiDirectional":true,"technologyOutcomeDateFullString":"April 2012","technologyOutcomeDateString":"Apr 2012","technologyOutcomePartnerPretty":"Other","technologyOutcomePathPretty":"Advanced To","technologyOutcomeRationalePretty":""},{"technologyOutcomeId":91228,"projectId":9727,"project":{"projectId":9727,"title":"An Instrument to Measure Aircraft Sulfate Particle Emissions","startDate":"2011-02-18","startYear":2011,"startMonth":2,"endDate":"2011-09-29","endYear":2011,"endMonth":9,"programId":73,"program":{"ableToSelect":false,"acronym":"SBIR/STTR","isActive":true,"description":"<p>The NASA SBIR and STTR programs fund the research, development, and demonstration of innovative technologies that fulfill NASA needs as described in the annual Solicitations and have significant potential for successful commercialization. If you are a small business concern (SBC) with 500 or fewer employees or a non-profit RI such as a university or a research laboratory with ties to an SBC, then NASA encourages you to learn more about the SBIR and STTR programs as a potential source of seed funding for the development of your innovations.</p><p><strong>The SBIR and STTR programs have 3 phases</strong>:</p><ul><li><strong>Phase I</strong> is the opportunity to establish the scientific, technical, and commercial feasibility of the proposed innovation in fulfillment of NASA needs.</li><li><strong>Phase II</strong> is focused on the development, demonstration and delivery of the proposed innovation.</li></ul><p>The SBIR and STTR Phase I contracts last for 6 months with a maximum funding of $125,000, and Phase II contracts last for 24 months with a maximum funding of $750,000 - $1.5 million.</p><ul><li><strong>Phase III</strong> is the commercialization of innovative technologies, products, and services resulting from either a Phase I or Phase II contract. Phase III contracts are funded from sources other than the SBIR and STTR programs and may be awarded without further competition.</li></ul><p><strong>Opportunity for Continued Technology Development Post-Phase II</strong>:</p><p>The NASA SBIR/STTR Program currently has in place two initiatives for supporting its small business partners past the basic Phase I and Phase II elements of the program that emphasize opportunities for commercialization. Specifically, the NASA SBIR/STTR Program has the Phase II Enhancement (Phase II-E) and Phase II eXpanded (Phase II-X) contract options.&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Please review the links below to obtain more information on the SBIR/STTR programs.</strong></p><ul><li><strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/ParticipationGuide.pdf\">Participation Guide</a></strong></li></ul><p>Provides an overview of the SBIR and STTR programs as implemented by NASA</p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"http://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/solicitations\">Program Solicitations</a></strong></li></ul><p>Provides access to the annual SBIR/STTR Solicitations containing detailed information on the program eligibility requirements, proposal instructions and research topics and subtopics</p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"http://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/prg_sched_anncmnt\">Schedule and Awards</a></strong></li></ul><p>Schedule and links for the SBIR/STTR solicitations and selection announcements</p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"http://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/content/additional-sources-assistance\">Sources of Assistance</a></strong></li></ul><p>Federal and non-Federal sources of assistance for small business</p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"http://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/abstract_archives\">Awarded Abstracts</a></strong></li></ul><p>Search our complete archive of awarded project abstracts to learn about what NASA has funded</p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"http://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/content/frequently-asked-questions\">Frequently Asked Questions</a></strong></li></ul><p>&nbsp;Still have questions? Visit the program FAQs</p>","parentProgram":{"ableToSelect":false,"isActive":true,"description":"Catalyst is a portfolio of early stage programs that specialize in different innovation constituencies and mechanisms to push the state of the art in aerospace technology development","programId":92327,"responsibleMd":{"canUserEdit":false,"locationEdit":false,"organizationRolePretty":"","organizationTypePretty":""},"title":"Catalyst","manageGaps":false,"acronymOrTitle":"Catalyst"},"parentProgramId":92327,"programId":73,"responsibleMd":{"organizationId":4875,"organizationName":"Space Technology Mission Directorate","acronym":"STMD","organizationType":"NASA_Mission_Directorate","canUserEdit":false,"locationEdit":false,"organizationRolePretty":"","organizationTypePretty":"NASA Mission Directorate"},"responsibleMdOffice":4875,"stockImageFileId":36648,"title":"Small Business Innovation Research/Small Business Tech Transfer","manageGaps":false,"acronymOrTitle":"SBIR/STTR"},"description":"Aircraft particle emissions contribute a modest, but growing, portion of the overall particle emissions budget. Characterizing aircraft particle emissions is required to improve aircraft combustor design and aircraft operating practices. Aircraft particle emissions are a complex mixture of soot and semi-volatile material, primarily inhabiting sizes smaller than 100 nm. New instruments are required to characterize aircraft particle emissions. We propose to build a new instrument for sensitive (>200 ng m-3 on a 1 Hz cycle) measurements of particle sulfate. The key instrument component will be a tunable infrared diode absorption spectrometer (TILDAS). Compared to existing sulfate measurement instruments, the TILDAS-sulfate instrument will be able to reject NO interferences, a key capability required for aircraft exhaust applications. Prior to reaching the TILDAS, gas phase SO2 will be removed using an acid gas denuder and particle sulfate will be converted to SO2 in a quartz oven. By running the TILDAS-sulfate in tandem with a commercial differential mobility analyzer, we anticipate obtaining size resolved sulfate mass loadings (10 size bins, from 10 nm to several hundred nm). Phase I tasks include evaluating acid gas denuder and SO2-to-sulfate technologies, determining the instrument detection limits, demonstrating instrument discrimination against NO and other interferences, and demonstrating the use of the instrument to characterize simulated aircraft exhaust gas.","benefits":"NASA is one of several U.S. stakeholders in the aircraft particle emissions community. FAA, EPA, SERDP, U.S. Air Force, airport operators, and engine manufacturers all have a stake in understanding aircraft particle emissions and all of these are potential consumers of the TILDAS-sulfate instrument and its data. In addition to aircraft exhaust characterization, sulfate aerosol makes an important contribution to global climate forcing. Moreover, sulfuric acid has been shown to be a key component in atmospheric nucleation events. Improved instruments are required for rapid, size- and composition resolved measurements of sulfate particles. Current instruments are inadequate for characterizing particles smaller than 50 nm, suffer severe interferences from other atmospheric gases, lack composition resolution, lack size resolution, or lack the required sensitivity.<br /> <br />The primary application of the proposed TILDAS-sulfate instrument will be characterization of aircraft particle emissions. NASA has sponsored a number of major aircraft particle characterization tests, including the three APEX experiments and the AAFEX experiment. These measurement activities have contributed to a growing understanding of aircraft exhaust particles. However, despite substantial effort, many questions remain. The most important outstanding question is the relative contribution of soot and semi-volatile particles to the overall particle mass emissions loading. Depending on the engine, fuel, and operating conditions, semi-volatile mass loadings vary from almost zero to more than 100 mg kg-1. A second outstanding question is the conversion efficiency of SO2 to SO3. By directly measuring particle bound sulfate and with limited restrictions on the particle size that can be detected the TILDAS-sulfate instrument will help answer these two important outstanding questions faced by NASA.","releaseStatus":"Released","status":"Completed","destinationType":["Earth"],"trlBegin":2,"trlCurrent":4,"trlEnd":4,"favorited":false,"detailedFunding":false,"programContacts":[{"contactId":62051,"canUserEdit":false,"firstName":"Carlos","lastName":"Torrez","fullName":"Carlos Torrez","fullNameInverted":"Torrez, Carlos","email":"carlos.torrez@nasa.gov","receiveEmail":"Subscribed_User","programContactRole":"Program_Manager","programContactId":606,"programId":73,"programContactRolePretty":"Program Manager","projectContactRolePretty":""},{"contactId":206378,"canUserEdit":false,"firstName":"Jason","lastName":"Kessler","fullName":"Jason L Kessler","fullNameInverted":"Kessler, Jason L","middleInitial":"L","email":"jason.l.kessler@nasa.gov","receiveEmail":"Subscribed_User","programContactRole":"Program_Director","programContactId":607,"programId":73,"programContactRolePretty":"Program Director","projectContactRolePretty":""}],"endDateString":"Sep 2011","startDateString":"Feb 2011"},"relatedProjectId":9368,"relatedProject":{"projectId":9368,"title":"An Instrument to Measure Aircraft Sulfate Particle Emissions","startDate":"2012-04-30","startYear":2012,"startMonth":4,"endDate":"2014-10-30","endYear":2014,"endMonth":10,"programId":73,"program":{"ableToSelect":false,"acronym":"SBIR/STTR","isActive":true,"description":"<p>The NASA SBIR and STTR programs fund the research, development, and demonstration of innovative technologies that fulfill NASA needs as described in the annual Solicitations and have significant potential for successful commercialization. If you are a small business concern (SBC) with 500 or fewer employees or a non-profit RI such as a university or a research laboratory with ties to an SBC, then NASA encourages you to learn more about the SBIR and STTR programs as a potential source of seed funding for the development of your innovations.</p><p><strong>The SBIR and STTR programs have 3 phases</strong>:</p><ul><li><strong>Phase I</strong> is the opportunity to establish the scientific, technical, and commercial feasibility of the proposed innovation in fulfillment of NASA needs.</li><li><strong>Phase II</strong> is focused on the development, demonstration and delivery of the proposed innovation.</li></ul><p>The SBIR and STTR Phase I contracts last for 6 months with a maximum funding of $125,000, and Phase II contracts last for 24 months with a maximum funding of $750,000 - $1.5 million.</p><ul><li><strong>Phase III</strong> is the commercialization of innovative technologies, products, and services resulting from either a Phase I or Phase II contract. 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Specifically, the NASA SBIR/STTR Program has the Phase II Enhancement (Phase II-E) and Phase II eXpanded (Phase II-X) contract options.&nbsp;</p><p><strong>Please review the links below to obtain more information on the SBIR/STTR programs.</strong></p><ul><li><strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/ParticipationGuide.pdf\">Participation Guide</a></strong></li></ul><p>Provides an overview of the SBIR and STTR programs as implemented by NASA</p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"http://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/solicitations\">Program Solicitations</a></strong></li></ul><p>Provides access to the annual SBIR/STTR Solicitations containing detailed information on the program eligibility requirements, proposal instructions and research topics and subtopics</p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"http://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/prg_sched_anncmnt\">Schedule and Awards</a></strong></li></ul><p>Schedule and links for the SBIR/STTR solicitations and selection announcements</p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"http://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/content/additional-sources-assistance\">Sources of Assistance</a></strong></li></ul><p>Federal and non-Federal sources of assistance for small business</p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"http://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/abstract_archives\">Awarded Abstracts</a></strong></li></ul><p>Search our complete archive of awarded project abstracts to learn about what NASA has funded</p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"http://sbir.gsfc.nasa.gov/content/frequently-asked-questions\">Frequently Asked Questions</a></strong></li></ul><p>&nbsp;Still have questions? 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Over the past 10 years and through a series of NASA led efforts, the Aerodyne Research Inc emissions team has made a series of contributions to on-going NASA programs to characterize aircraft engine emissions. Despite progress, significant knowledge gaps exist – especially for combustion emissions of alternatives to petroleum jet fuel. During this SBIR effort, we tested instrument performance in the absence of interferences, in the presence of >20-fold excess sulfur dioxide interference, in the presence of a combustion gases containing nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons as potential interferences, and for particles ranging in size from 100 to 300 nm. Instrument sensitivity was shown to be at least 600 ng per meter cubed (on a 1-sec cycle). In Phase II, we plan to: upgrade the instrument and incorporate improvements to Aerodyne's TILDAS technology to improve the detection limit to as low as 60 ng per meter cubed – on a 1-sec data acquisition cycle; test the upgraded instrument in the laboratory; demonstrate the instrument in the field for characterization of aircraft engine particle emissions.","benefits":"NASA applications include characterization of aircraft sulfate emissions and atmospheric particle characterization tests. Sulfate is one of the major categories of aircraft particle emissions and it plays a crucial role in determining the size distribution of particles in the evolving plume. Sulfate is an important contributor to the urban and atmospheric PM balance. NASA is spearheading efforts to encourage adoption of alternatives to petroleum jet fuel and the TILDAS-sulfate instrument can play an important role by helping to demonstrate the potential emissions reductions possible with the alternative fuels. In terms of atmospheric studies, sulfate is emitted directly from a number of anthropogenic sources (coal-fired power plants, aircraft) and formed in the atmosphere by oxidation of sulfur dioxide. Time resolved measurements of particle sulfate would permit differentiation from potential sulfate sources, crucial for better understanding and mitigation. The field of atmospheric nucleation is both active and – due to potential climate change implications – timely. An instrument capable of field deployment and simultaneous measurement of <50 nm sulfuric acid and trace gas sulfur dioxide would provide valuable information to resolve current debates on the importance of sulfuric acid and organic materials to atmospheric nucleation processes.<br /> <br />NASA, EPA, SERDP, U.S. Air Force, FAA, airport operators, and engine manufacturers are all aircraft particle emissions stakeholders. EPA in particular has maintained that aircraft emissions regulations must taken into account both non-volatile particle (soot) emissions and volatile (sulfate and organic) particle emissions. The FAA has been considering mandating use of lower sulfur jet fuels and the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy are aggressively pursuing low-sulfur synthetic fuels and synthetic fuel blends for use in their aircraft. We anticipate working with these partners to characterize particle emissions, develop better airport and Air Force base operation procedures, and design lower emissions aircraft engines and fuels. The TILDAS-sulfate instrument will be an important capability in these efforts. A primary factor in all of these is reduction of particle emissions, specifically sulfate particle emissions. Few commercial instruments are capable of providing direct measurements of sulfate particle emissions, and none of them match the specifications we are targeting for the TILDAS-sulfate instrument. Additional potential non-NASA applications include: diesel exhaust characterization, atmospheric chemistry studies, urban air quality studies, and industrial pollution characterization. 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