{"project":{"acronym":"","projectId":23603,"title":"Lunar EVA Dosimetry: Microdosimeter-Dosimeter Instrument (PI Ziegler)","primaryTaxonomyNodes":[{"taxonomyNodeId":10711,"taxonomyRootId":8816,"parentNodeId":10706,"level":3,"code":"TX06.5.5","title":"Monitoring Technology","definition":"Radiation Monitoring technologies are active electronic devices composed of dedicated sensors and dedicated readout and processing electronics. Radiation sensors are specific to the type of radiation being detected (e.g., charged particles, neutrons, gamma-rays). The processing electronics are specific to the sensor it is paired with as well as the quantity of the radiation field being measured. Radiation monitoring is used to characterize the radiation environment that crew and spacecraft are being exposed to during phases of mission. The radiation monitoring can also inform the impacts of a given radiation environment exposure to humans and spacecraft hardware.","exampleTechnologies":"Active Personal Dosimetry for Intravehicular Activities and Extravehicular Activities, Compact Biological Dosimetry (Biodosimetry), In-Situ Active Warning and Monitoring Dosimetry, Miniaturized Low-Power Charged-Particle Spectrometers with Active Warning, Miniaturized Low-Power Neutron Spectrometers with Active Warning","hasChildren":false,"hasInteriorContent":true}],"startTrl":5,"currentTrl":6,"endTrl":6,"benefits":"To determine the risk from currently used radiation dosimeters requires knowledge of the species, energies, and frequencies of the radiation types or the frequency distributions as a function of linear energy transfer. The more frequently used passive dosimeters are also processed after the exposure and are not real-time instruments so the risk is inferred only after exposure. Microdosimeters are unique in that they can be used to directly determine the regulatory risk from radiation in real time when neither the species nor energies of the radiation are known. Thus it is a superior instrument for use in situations when the radiation environment is unknown and perhaps time varying. With sufficient investment in very-large-scale integration (VLSI) technology the solid-state microdosimeter can be integrated into a portable instrument. Since microdosimetry provides the regulatory risks from radiation exposure in real time, it can be beneficially used by first responders in emergency situations when there is uncertainty in the radiation risk. The microdosimeter can be used in nuclear power plants and other facilities with radioactive materials to provide risk due to exposure. It can also be used to detect contraband radioactive material; because of its compact size and potentially relatively low cost, it can be used in situations where large numbers of sensitive detectors are needed. Development of Silicon on Insulator (SOI) microdosimeters has a potentialy significant impact on applications to monitor the dose equivalent during proton therapy to reduce the possibility of secondary cancers generated in normal tissue by the radiation. Development of our calibration technique that does not use an ionizing radiation source will reduce the exposure of handlers of the microdosimeter. It will also eliminate the the cost of satisfying the regulations on certification of users and on the handling, shipping, and facilities.
","description":"1. AIMS. Cosmic radiation is the prime limiting factor of astronaut survivability. The objective of this research is to develop a radiation monitor for an astronaut's suit, which will determine radiation in real time, with an instant warning alarm in the space helmet, and with remote telemetry in the ship for real time advanced analysis. This new monitor will use radiation detectors about the size of the most sensitive human radiation cells, and also cell components such as the nucleolus (~6 µm). This will be accomplished using new semiconductor micro-dosimeters (SMD). The goal is to evaluate in detail the use of microdosimeters for various NASA radiation applications. This project started in 1 Jan. 2009, with Dr. Vincent Pisacane as the Principal Investigator (PI), and this report concludes the final year. Objective is to advance the state-of-the-art of solid-state microdosimeters (SSMD) to design, develop, and test an engineering model by September, 2013. Aims include: 1.1 - Develop a bench-top system to advance the state-of-the-art of Silicon micro-dosimeters (SMDs) to incorporate proven advancements into the flight engineering model. 1.2 - Use the most advanced integrated-circuit technologies to make the most sensitive SMDs possible, allowing the measurement of the lowest energy radiation with high accuracy. 1.3 – Test the new micro-dosimeters with a wide variety of ion and neutron beams to evaluate their accuracy in a complex space environment. 1.4 – Evaluate the accuracy and advantage of microdosimeters designed to replicate human cells and cell components. Compare these results with those of more standard radiation dosimeters. 2. KEY FINDINGS. 2.1 Benchtop System – Obtained and analyzed SSMD spectra for NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) beams (protons & heavy ions) to identify particle types, energies, and mass-to-charge ratios in the beams and produced by intervening materials. Reduced instrument noise levels near a factor of 10 during our National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) funding period. Best noise measurements at NSRL with 200 feet of cable is ~0.3 keV/micron (~0.2 keV/micron-tissue). Compared SSMD spectra from our 1st generation sensors with silicon surface barrier detectors and also obtained spectra for neutrons, the most damaging particles. 2.2 Flight Engineering Model – The instrument developed in year 1 is called MIcroDosimeter iNstrument (MIDN)-II (MIDN-II) MIDN-II. We have designed an improved version, MIDN-III, reducing size and mass with an expanded set of remote commands. Its noise cutoffs is ~1 keV/micron. Continued development of our unique optical calibration system and applied for a patent in 2010. This provides a continuous end-to-end test and confirms the calibration or recalibrates the SSMD while in operation accomplished without a problematic radiation source. 2.3 Sensor Development – Prior observations were with the 1st generation SSMD sensors. A 2nd generation SSMD sensor was produced and tests confirmed performance using the benchtop and flight engineering instruments. 3rd and 4th generation sensors are now completed and extend the sensitivity of the microdosimeters by an order of magnitude. 2.4 Flight Opportunity – Completed a conceptual design to fit a NanoRacks configuration for the International Space Station (ISS) through the auspices of the Department of Defense (DoD) Space Test Program. Our system has been approved annually for several years for inclusion on DoD space missions. We were forced to decline a flight opportunity for a potential launch due to insufficient funds. 3. IMPACTS. Silicon micro-dosimeters (SMDs) have been shown to have noise levels better than that obtained with tissue equivalent proportional counters (TEPC) in space. SMD spectra for space protons will be able to obtain very low-lineal energy detection, a major goal of this research project. This was achieved by incorporating new integrated circuit technologies, not available in any past efforts. Recent measurements of SMD spectra with intense high-energy neutrons (~14 MeV), considered to be the most damaging particles in space, show that SMD can also operate in high-dose radiation fields for long time periods without failures. This establishes the radiation resistance of our SDMs, a major goal of this project. Recent measurements with SDM systems at the NSRL facility at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) establish the practicality of using our new capability of identifying particle species: i.e., energy and charge-to-mass ratio responsible for specific individual events. Such measurements provide more stringent data for establishing quality factors and the accuracy of the transport codes and theoretical calculations, a major aim of this project. Recent measurements with SMD in a plastic phantom on a Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) beamline (in Japan) demonstrated the success of MIDN-III sensors for deep space missions by showing equivalent performance to TEPC instruments. Development of an end-to-end system test and calibration of an astronaut's personal SMD without the need for an ionizing radiation source is an important achievement. The final testing of MIDN-II sensors, and the design and highly-successful early testing of the MIDN-III sensors (probably final flight qualifiable personal SMDs) are important accomplishments. Development of WiFi communication and control of remote extravehicular activity (EVA) radiation sensor systems has been demonstrated, with real-time evaluation of radiation hazards. 4.0 RESEARCH PLAN - n/a (this was the final year of research). ","destinations":[{"lkuCodeId":1544,"code":"MOON_AND_CISLUNAR","description":"Moon and Cislunar","lkuCodeTypeId":526,"lkuCodeType":{"codeType":"DESTINATION_TYPE","description":"Destination Type"}},{"lkuCodeId":1518,"code":"MARS","description":"Mars","lkuCodeTypeId":526,"lkuCodeType":{"codeType":"DESTINATION_TYPE","description":"Destination Type"}}],"startYear":2011,"startMonth":10,"endYear":2013,"endMonth":9,"statusDescription":"Completed","principalInvestigators":[{"contactId":201674,"canUserEdit":false,"firstName":"James","lastName":"Ziegler","fullName":"James Ziegler","fullNameInverted":"Ziegler, James","primaryEmail":"ziegler@SRIM.org","publicEmail":false,"nacontact":false}],"programDirectors":[{"contactId":103847,"canUserEdit":false,"firstName":"David","lastName":"Baumann","fullName":"David K Baumann","fullNameInverted":"Baumann, David K","middleInitial":"K","primaryEmail":"david.k.baumann@nasa.gov","publicEmail":true,"nacontact":false}],"programExecutives":[{"contactId":56,"canUserEdit":false,"firstName":"Stephen","lastName":"Davison","fullName":"Stephen C Davison","fullNameInverted":"Davison, Stephen C","middleInitial":"C","primaryEmail":"stephen.c.davison@nasa.gov","publicEmail":true,"nacontact":false}],"coInvestigators":[{"contactId":228829,"canUserEdit":false,"firstName":"John","lastName":"Dicello","fullName":"John Dicello","fullNameInverted":"Dicello, John","publicEmail":false,"nacontact":false},{"contactId":305770,"canUserEdit":false,"firstName":"Marco","lastName":"Zaider","fullName":"Marco Zaider","fullNameInverted":"Zaider, Marco","publicEmail":false,"nacontact":false},{"contactId":379284,"canUserEdit":false,"firstName":"Quentin","lastName":"Dolecek","fullName":"Quentin Dolecek","fullNameInverted":"Dolecek, Quentin","publicEmail":false,"nacontact":false},{"contactId":152666,"canUserEdit":false,"firstName":"Francis","lastName":"Cucinotta","fullName":"Francis A Cucinotta","fullNameInverted":"Cucinotta, Francis A","middleInitial":"A","primaryEmail":"francis.a.cucinotta@nasa.gov","publicEmail":true,"nacontact":false},{"contactId":18601,"canUserEdit":false,"firstName":"Anatoly","lastName":"Rozenfeld","fullName":"Anatoly Rozenfeld","fullNameInverted":"Rozenfeld, Anatoly","publicEmail":false,"nacontact":false},{"contactId":316638,"canUserEdit":false,"firstName":"Martin","lastName":"Nelson","fullName":"Martin Nelson","fullNameInverted":"Nelson, Martin","primaryEmail":"martin.nelson-1@nasa.gov","publicEmail":true,"nacontact":false}],"website":"https://taskbook.nasaprs.com","libraryItems":[{"files":[],"id":64489,"title":"Abstracts for Journals and Proceedings","description":"Guerra DA, Abitante TJ. \"Solid-State MicroDosimeter – MIDN.\" 16th International Space University Annual International Symposium, Strasbourg, France, February 21-23, 2012. International Issues and Potential Solutions forum. 16th International Space University Annual International Symposium (Sustainability of Space Activities), Strasbourg, France, February 21-23, 2012. , Feb-2012","libraryItemTypeId":1091,"projectId":23603,"publishedDateString":"","contentType":{"lkuCodeId":1091,"code":"STORY","description":"Story","lkuCodeTypeId":341,"lkuCodeType":{"codeType":"LIBRARY_ITEM_TYPE","description":"Library Item Type"}}},{"files":[],"id":64496,"title":"Abstracts for Journals and Proceedings","description":"Dicello JF, Cucinotta FA, Dolecek QE, Rosenfeld AB, Zaider M, Malak H. \"An Analysis of Spectra Obtained with a Version of a Space Qualifiable Solid-State Microdosimeter Capable of Detecting Event Sizes below 0.1 keV/µm.\" 23rd Annual NASA Space Radiation Investigators' Workshop, Durham, NC, July 8-11, 2012. 23rd Annual NASA Space Radiation Investigators' Workshop, Durham, NC, July 8-11, 2012., Jul-2012","libraryItemTypeId":1091,"projectId":23603,"publishedDateString":"","contentType":{"lkuCodeId":1091,"code":"STORY","description":"Story","lkuCodeTypeId":341,"lkuCodeType":{"codeType":"LIBRARY_ITEM_TYPE","description":"Library Item Type"}}},{"files":[],"id":64500,"title":"Abstracts for Journals and Proceedings","description":"Guerra DA, Abitante TJ. \"Development of an Instrument for Real-Time Measurement of Astronaut Radiation Risk.\" AIAA Region I, Young Professional, Student, and Education Conference 2011, Kossiakoff Center at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab, Laurel, Maryland, November 4, 2011. AIAA Region I, Young Professional, Student, and Education Conference 2011, Kossiakoff Center at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab, Laurel, Maryland, November 4, 2011., Nov-2011","libraryItemTypeId":1091,"projectId":23603,"publishedDateString":"","contentType":{"lkuCodeId":1091,"code":"STORY","description":"Story","lkuCodeTypeId":341,"lkuCodeType":{"codeType":"LIBRARY_ITEM_TYPE","description":"Library Item Type"}}},{"files":[],"id":64492,"title":"Articles in Other Journals or Periodicals","description":"Livingstone J, Prokopovich DA, Dzurak M Jamieson D, Perevertaylo VL,Kryukov A, Pisacane VL, Zaider M, Dicello J, Rosenfeld AB. \"Comparison of Epitaxial and SOI based Large Area Microdosimeters.\" To be published in IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. December 2011., Dec-2011","libraryItemTypeId":1091,"projectId":23603,"publishedDateString":"","contentType":{"lkuCodeId":1091,"code":"STORY","description":"Story","lkuCodeTypeId":341,"lkuCodeType":{"codeType":"LIBRARY_ITEM_TYPE","description":"Library Item Type"}}},{"files":[],"id":64497,"title":"Articles in Other Journals or Periodicals","description":"Livingstone J, Prokopovich DA, Petasecca M, Lerch MLF, Reinhard MI, Dzurak AS, Jamieson D, Perevertaylo VL, Kryukov A, Pisacane VL, Zaider M, Dicello JF, Rosenfeld AB. \"Comparison of epitaxial and SOI based large area microdosimeters.\" To be published in IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science (submitted 2011 and same status as of December 2013--Ed. note: not yet published as of Feb 2021), Dec-2013","libraryItemTypeId":1091,"projectId":23603,"publishedDateString":"","contentType":{"lkuCodeId":1091,"code":"STORY","description":"Story","lkuCodeTypeId":341,"lkuCodeType":{"codeType":"LIBRARY_ITEM_TYPE","description":"Library Item Type"}}},{"files":[],"id":64499,"title":"Articles in Peer-reviewed Journals","description":"Pisacane VL, Dolecek QE, Rosenfeld AB, Malak H. \"Proton and iron ion observations from a solid-state microdosimeter.\" Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2012 Aug;151(1):117-28. Epub 2011 Dec 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncr452 ; PubMed PMID: 22155752, Aug-2012","libraryItemTypeId":1091,"projectId":23603,"publishedDateString":"","contentType":{"lkuCodeId":1091,"code":"STORY","description":"Story","lkuCodeTypeId":341,"lkuCodeType":{"codeType":"LIBRARY_ITEM_TYPE","description":"Library Item Type"}}},{"files":[],"id":64494,"title":"Articles in Peer-reviewed Journals","description":"Davis JA, Ganesan K, Alves ADC, Petasecca M, Livingstone J, Lerch MLF, Prokopovich DA, Reinhard MI, Siegele RN, Prawer S, Jamieson D, Kuncic Z, Pisacane VL, Dicello JF, Ziegler JF, Zaider M, Rosenfeld AB. \"Characterization of a novel diamond-based microdosimeter prototype for radioprotection applications in space environment.\" IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 2012 Dec;59(6):3110-6.. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2012.2218131, Dec-2012","libraryItemTypeId":1091,"projectId":23603,"publishedDateString":"","contentType":{"lkuCodeId":1091,"code":"STORY","description":"Story","lkuCodeTypeId":341,"lkuCodeType":{"codeType":"LIBRARY_ITEM_TYPE","description":"Library Item Type"}}},{"files":[],"id":64495,"title":"Articles in Peer-reviewed Journals","description":"Davis JA, Guatelli S, Petasecca M, Lerch MLF, Reinhard MI, Zaider M, Ziegler J, Rosenfeld AB. \"Tissue equivalence study of a novel diamond-based microdosimeter for galactic cosmic rays and solar particle events.\" IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 2014 Aug;61(4):1544-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2014.2298032, Aug-2014","libraryItemTypeId":1091,"projectId":23603,"publishedDateString":"","contentType":{"lkuCodeId":1091,"code":"STORY","description":"Story","lkuCodeTypeId":341,"lkuCodeType":{"codeType":"LIBRARY_ITEM_TYPE","description":"Library Item Type"}}},{"files":[],"id":64491,"title":"Articles in Peer-reviewed Journals","description":"Pisacane VL, Dolecek QE, Malak H, Cucinotta FA, Zaider M, Rosenfeld AB, Rusek A, Sivertz M, Dicello JF. \"Microdosemeter instrument (MIDN) for assessing risk in space.\" Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2011 Feb;143(2-4):398-401. 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Epub 2011 Dec 7. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncr452 ; PMID: 22155752 , Aug-2012","libraryItemTypeId":1091,"projectId":23603,"publishedDateString":"","contentType":{"lkuCodeId":1091,"code":"STORY","description":"Story","lkuCodeTypeId":341,"lkuCodeType":{"codeType":"LIBRARY_ITEM_TYPE","description":"Library Item Type"}}}],"transitions":[{"transitionId":7284,"projectId":23603,"partner":"Other","transitionDate":"2013-09-01","infusion":"Other","path":"Closed Out","details":"NOTE: Former PI Vincent Pisacane retired as of 9/30/2011; James Ziegler is new PI effective 10/1/2011 and project continues, per NSBRI. See Pisacane for FY2011 and earlier reports (Ed., 2/29/2012) The overall objective of this research project is to design, develop, and test a prototype solid-state microdosimeter (SSMD) by September 2013, suitable for use in the new NASA spacesuit and robotic operation on rovers, tool boxes, and spacecraft. The benchtop instrument continues to be used to develop and investigate improvements to the state-of-the-art of SSMDs. This past year the focus has been on development of improved ultra-low noise preamplifiers and new sensors. Radiation sources available at the U.S. Naval Academy (USNA) have been used to carry out the test protocols. The benchtop system has been expanded to obtain and analyze microdosimetric spectra for incident NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) beams of both protons and heavy ions with identification of particle types in the beam, their energies, and their mass-to-charge ratios and those produced by intervening materials. We carried out tests of our bench-top system with a neutron beam generated in the Nucleonics Laboratory at the USNA with favorable results. An improved version of the flight engineering model, MIDN-III, has been designed and is nearing completion. It has a reduced footprint and mass and expanded remote command capability. We processed data sets obtained at the NSRL/BNL from our benchtop system, flight engineering model MIDN-II, and two Far West HAWK tissue equivalent proportional counters. Inter-comparisons of the observations agreed well and also agreed with Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) and Geant4 simulations. These spectra have been added to our past data sets to update our extensive library of microdosimetric spectra. We continued development our unique optical calibration system for a SSMD that permits continual end-to-end system test and calibration while the instrument is operational deployed. This is an alternative to using a radiation source that is problematic in a personal dosimeter and eliminates handling and shipping restrictions and personnel and facility certifications required by international, federal, and local regulations. Our provisional patent application was superseded by a patent application. We have tested our second generation microdosimeter sensors with our bench-top and flight engineering instruments and compared our results favorably with those obtained at the University of Wollongong. We have completed testing new MIDN-III detectors, built with an SOI technology that reduces sensor noise over 10x. These sensors will allow accurate monitoring of protons of low energies, such as occur in a solar flare event. We completed an initial conceptual design of our instrument to fit within a NanoRacks configuration for deployment on the International Space Station through the auspices of the DoD Space Test Program. The NanoRacks configuration is modeled after the design of a cubesat. Our configuration would be 10 cm X 10 cm x 15 cm with the majority of the volume dedicated to a rechargeable battery power supply. ","rationale":"Other","infoText":"Closed out","infoTextExtra":"","dateText":"September 2013"}],"responsibleMd":{"acronym":"SOMD","canUserEdit":false,"city":"","external":false,"linkCount":0,"organizationId":9526,"organizationName":"Space Operations Mission Directorate","organizationType":"NASA_Mission_Directorate","naorganization":false,"organizationTypePretty":"NASA Mission Directorate"},"program":{"acronym":"HRP","active":true,"description":"Strategically, the HRP conducts research and technology development that: 1) enables the development or modification of Agency-level human health and performance standards by the Office of the Chief Health and Medical Officer (OCHMO) and 2) provides Human Exploration Operations Mission Directorate (HEOMD) with methods of meeting those standards in the design, development, and operation of mission systems.
HRP research focuses on reducing crew health and performance risks for exploration missions. In addition, HRP research gathers the data necessary to understand and mitigate the long-term health risks to the crew, to allow the update of specific crew health standards for each mission scenario, to support crew selection, and to address any rehabilitation requirements. The OCHMO owns and sets the standards upon which the HRP research efforts are based. The Transition to Medical Practice process defined by the OCHMO is used to review the HRP deliverable countermeasures and technologies prior to their operational use.
HRP technology development advances medical care and countermeasure systems for exploration and vehicle development programs’ missions. The HRP also develops and matures operational concepts to inform requirements for the design and operation of space vehicles and habitats needed for exploration. This includes requirements for displays and controls, internal environments, operations planning, habitability, and methodologies for maintaining crew physical and mental health as well as physical and cognitive capabilities.
The HRP is managed at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) and comprised of six research and technology development projects. These projects provide the program knowledge and capabilities to conduct research addressing the human health and performance risks as well as advancing the readiness levels of technology and countermeasures to the point of transfer to the customer programs and organizations. The six projects within the HRP are referred to as Program Elements throughout this document. Each Element is managed at the JSC with research and technology development expertise provided by JSC, Ames Research Center (ARC), Glenn Research Center (GRC), the Langley Research Center (LaRC), and the Kennedy Space Center (KSC), as well as other Agencies, institutions and organizations identified in the following Element descriptions. The six Elements are:
1) Space Radiation (SR) Element – The SR Element performs investigations to develop the scientific basis to accurately predict and mitigate health risks from the space radiation environment. This knowledge yields recommendations to permissible exposure limits, assessment/projection tools/models of crew risk from radiation exposure, and models/tools to assess vehicle design for radiation protection. The SR Element conducts research using accelerator-based simulation of space radiation. The SR Element explores and develops countermeasures to the deleterious effects of radiation on human health. The LaRC and ARC contribute to the SR Element.
2) Behavioral Health and Performance (BHP) Element – The BHP Element identifies and characterizes the behavioral and performance risks associated with training, living and working in space, and returning to Earth. The BHP Element develops strategies, tools, and technologies to mitigate these risks.
3) Exploration Medical Capability (ExMC) Element – The ExMC Element is responsible for defining requirements for crew health maintenance during exploration missions, developing treatment scenarios, extrapolating from the scenarios to health management modalities, and evaluating the feasibility of those modalities for use during exploration missions. The ExMC Element is also responsible for the technology and informatics development that will enable the availability of medical care and decision systems for exploration missions. GRC, LaRC and ARC contribute technology development and clinical care expertise to the ExMC Element.
4) Space Human Factors and Habitability (SHFH) Element – The SHFH Element is focused on the human system in space environments: how do humans interface with spacecraft systems, and what environmental and habitation factors are essential to maintain crew health and performance? The SHFH Element has three main focus areas: space human factors engineering, advanced environmental health, and advanced food technology. The ARC contributes to the SHFH Element.
5) Human Health Countermeasures (HHC) Element – The HHC Element is responsible for understanding the physiological effects of spaceflight and developing countermeasure strategies and procedures. The Element provides the biomedical expertise for the development and assessment of medical standards and vehicle and spacesuit requirements dictated by human physiological needs. In addition, the HHC Element develops a validated and integrated suite of countermeasures for exploration missions to ensure the maintenance of crew health during all mission phases. The ARC and GRC contribute to the HHC Element as well as international agencies cooperating on joint flight proposals, reduced gravity studies, and collaborative bed rest studies.
6) International Space Station Medical Projects (ISSMP) Element – The ISSMP Element is responsible for managing all ISS and ground analog human research activities, including those integrated with operational medical support of the crews, and to ensure research tasks are completed. The ISSMP is responsible for all planning, integration, and implementation services for HRP research tasks and evaluation activities requiring access to space or related flight resources on the ISS, Soyuz, Progress, Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV), commercial vehicles and ground-based spaceflight analogs. This includes support to related pre- and postflight activities. The ARC contributes to the ISSMP with technical support to experiment management, hardware development, and international partner integration. KSC provides support for baseline data collection requirements development for future crew vehicles.
The work performed within the six Elements is supported by numerous collaborative efforts with academia and international agencies. Relationships with the ISS Program, the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI), the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), and the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) are critical to the HRP successfully meeting its objectives. The HRP also maintains collaborative relationships with the International Partners through various working groups. These relationships enhance the research capabilities and provide synergy between the research and technology efforts of different countries.
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