Objective
New and innovative technologies will lead to flight instruments that are smaller with reduced materials, costs and build time. Furthermore, by early investment in the life cycle of an instrument and demonstrating performance, space-flight instrument builds will encounter less development risk, cost, and schedule uncertainty.
Strategy
As promising new technologies emerge from core programs in government, private industry, academic, or other non-profit organizations, proposers are encouraged to incorporate these latest developments into their instrument concepts. NRAs are expected to solicit some combination of feasibility studies; requirements analysis; design; construction of breadboards, prototypes, and engineering models; and laboratory and field demonstrations. Individual NRAs may focus on specific science questions or may address the whole science program. IIP provides a continuing source of mature instrument designs merging state-of-the-art technologies with measurement objectives available for use in the next generation of science missions.
Program Content Determined via NASA Research Announcements (NRA)
A key element of the Instrument Incubator Program's strategy is the advanced studies and ground-based demonstration phase. NRAs are released regularly to ensure that a steady stream of instrument technologies is available for future measurements. This activity will be conducted via a peer reviewed process by government, academic, and private industry research teams knowledgeable in remote-sensing and in situ measurement techniques to study global variables of the Earth system. The program encourages the use of the latest remote sensing technologies resulting from NASA's technology development programs and combining them with other government agency, academic and private industry investments to develop new instrument systems and subsystems.
ESTO's technology development approach is end-to-end:
Root zone soil moisture (RZSM) provides a key link between surface hydrology and deeper processes. Biomass also plays a critical role in regulating the carbon cycle, with forests storing nearly the same amount of carbon as the atmosphere. In spite of its importance RZSM is not directly measured by any current satellite instrument. Model assimilation of surface measurements or indirect estimates from other observations must be used to infer this quantity. The objective of SoOp-AD is to develop an airborne demonstrator of a new microwave remote sensing instrument to directly measure RZSM. Signals of Opportunity (SoOp) methods exploit reflected signals at VHF and S-band. This has many of the benefits of both active and passive microwave remote sensing. Reutilization of active transmitters, with forward-scattering geometry, presents a strong reflected signal even at orbital altitudes. SoOp will not be limited to a few protected frequencies and is far less susceptible to radio-frequency interference (RFI). These unique features of SoOp circumvent past obstacles to a spaceborne VHF remote sensing mission and have the potential to enable new RZSM measurements that are not possible with present technology. A spaceborne SoOp instrument would have a substantially smaller antenna (75 X 75 cm) than a radiometer and require an order of magnitude lower power than radar, while meeting soil moisture (SM) science requirements with a 1 km resolution. SoOp-AD addresses both goals of the IIP: Enabling new Earth observations and reducing the cost and size of Earth observing instruments. A two-year instrument development will transform a current TRL3 breadboard design to TRL4. Flight demonstrations over a Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) calibration and validation site will take place in year 3, exiting the program at TRL5. A subsequent development path to a satellite instrument is well defined. SoOp-AD would also be available for airborne science.
• Develop new microwave remote sensing instrument to directly measure root zone soil moisture (RZSM) as opposed to currently derived RZSM products. • Enable spaceborne Signals of Opportunity (SoOp) measurement technique that would lead to a substantially smaller antenna (75 x 75 cm) than a radiometer and require orders of magnitude lower power than radar while meeting 1 km resolution • Develop an airborne instrument to demonstrate concepts of SoOp reflectometry at VHF and S-band frequency ranges for RZSM.
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