{"project":{"acronym":"GPRSS","projectId":10580,"title":"Green PCB Remediation from Sediment Systems","startTrl":2,"currentTrl":4,"endTrl":4,"benefits":"The science associated with PCB destruction is continuing to evolve, and KSC has been working on a treatment system for PCB destruction on painted structures. The goal of this research is to create a polymer-based treatment system capable of removing PCBs from contaminated sediments.","description":"An ongoing problem facing the global environmental community including NASA centers is the removal and remediation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). PCBs were commonly used in a variety of materials including paints, caulking, and adhesives due to the advantageous physical and chemical properties that PCBs imparted to these various materials. Unfortunately, these properties have made the treatment of sites contaminated with these chemicals extremely difficult to deal with, due to their inherent chemical stability. The remediation of sediments contaminated with PCBs is especially difficult, primarily due to the risk of re-releasing the contaminant into the environment during the treatment process. Traditional treatment options involve the use of dredging and incineration of the contaminated soils/sediments, in which the chance of releasing of the contaminants is greatly increased. The purpose of this project is to develop a cleanup technology capable of remediating contaminated sediments in-situ, with minimal intrusion. This allows for the minimization of any potential contaminant release during the treatment process, providing a safer method for cleanup operations (as opposed to dredging/incineration) and still treating the basic problem of PCB contamination (as opposed to capping). The GPRSS technology is an in situ remediation technique for PCB-contaminated sediments. The technique provides an effective and safe method for sediment cleanup operations, eliminating some of the inherent risks associated with more traditional cleanup methods such as sediment dredging followed by incineration. The GPRSS technique offers both removal and degradation of the contaminant, in contrast to the capping in place method, which retains significant long-term environmental reliability. The envisioned re-useable, polymer-based PCB treating blanket has the potential to be a global, cost saving, game-changing technology. This technology utilizes a two-step process for the removal and degradation of the PCBs. In the first step, a \"blanket\" of inert material (such as a simple polymer, i.e. polyethylene) is gently lowered into the water system and pushed into the top layer of the sediments, penetrating into the zone where benthic population is at the greatest risk for bioaccumulation. This \"blanket\" acts as a PCB \"sponge\", absorbing the PCBs that are bound to the sediments. The second step consists of removing the \"blanket\", extracting the contaminants trapped within the blanket structure, and exposing the extracted PCBs to activated zero-valent magnesium in an acidified ethanol solvent to commence degradation. The \"blanket\" has a solid upper surface, providing a temporary cap to the contaminated sediments during the treatment period. Additionally, the \"blanket\" is manufactured with extruding points, or \"fingers\", that depress into the upper ten centimeters of the sediment layer, allowing for increased surface area contact with the deeper contaminated zone. Both the \"fingers\" and the backing of the \"blanket\" are hollow to allow for the incorporation of ethanol into the interior. This ethanol interior provides a major advantage to the GRPSSs. Since PCBs are lipophilic and hydrophobic, they prefer to dissolve into the ethanol (or similar non-aqueous solvent) if given the opportunity. This system affords that opportunity by generating a concentration gradient which enhances the rate of PCB transport from the sediment across the polymer blanket membrane and into the ethanol interior. Once the PCBs are in the \"blanket,\" they entire system is removed from the sediment and the contaminants are extracted out of the blanket and degraded using stepwise reductive dechlorination in the presence of the magnesium reactant described above as step two. The polymer \"blanket\" is capable of being re-used multiple times. An entire riverbed for example would not be treated at a single event, but rather portions would be treated at a time. The reusability of the blankets allows them to be reapplied to different regions of the contaminated zone as remediation activities progress. Should additional applications prove necessary to remediate high starting PCB concentrations to acceptable levels at a single site, such as a holding or sludge pond, the reuseability of the blanket adds to its cost competitive nature, or to simply treat another contaminated sediment zone.","startYear":2012,"startMonth":3,"endYear":2013,"endMonth":3,"statusDescription":"Completed","principalInvestigators":[{"contactId":190346,"canUserEdit":false,"firstName":"Jacqueline","lastName":"Quinn","fullName":"Jacqueline W Quinn","fullNameInverted":"Quinn, Jacqueline W","middleInitial":"W","primaryEmail":"jacqueline.w.quinn@nasa.gov","publicEmail":true,"nacontact":false}],"programDirectors":[{"contactId":335305,"canUserEdit":false,"firstName":"Michael","lastName":"Lapointe","fullName":"Michael R Lapointe","fullNameInverted":"Lapointe, Michael 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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
An ongoing problem facing the global environmental community including NASA centers is the removal and remediation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). PCBs were commonly used in a variety of materials including paints, caulking, and adhesives due to the advantageous physical and chemical properties that PCBs imparted to these various materials. Unfortunately, these properties have made the treatment of sites contaminated with these chemicals extremely difficult to deal with, due to their inherent chemical stability. The remediation of sediments contaminated with PCBs is especially difficult, primarily due to the risk of re-releasing the contaminant into the environment during the treatment process. Traditional treatment options involve the use of dredging and incineration of the contaminated soils/sediments, in which the chance of releasing of the contaminants is greatly increased. The purpose of this project is to develop a cleanup technology capable of remediating contaminated sediments in-situ, with minimal intrusion. This allows for the minimization of any potential contaminant release during the treatment process, providing a safer method for cleanup operations (as opposed to dredging/incineration) and still treating the basic problem of PCB contamination (as opposed to capping).
INTRODUCTION
The scientific advances of the past century, while technologically impressive have not occurred without both harmful and long-lasting consequences. Specifically, an area which has seen dramatic negative impacts has been in the environment, where unintended effects have had dramatic and extremely long-lived consequences. Many of the chemicals produced in the last 100 years have exhibited this kind of legacy behavior. One prime example is polychlorinated biphenyls, which are a class of man-made molecules first produced back in the 1920's. These compounds are both chemically and thermally stable, and have high dielectric constants and high thermal conductivity. These favorable characteristics led PCBs to be used in a wide variety of applications, including coolants and lubricants in transformers and capacitors. PCBs also were used as reactive flame retardants, plasticizers in paints, structural additives, and even as water-proofing agents due to the hydrophobic nature of the molecule. The use/production of PCBs was eventually banned in 1979 by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), due to concerns involving the chemical’s possible toxic effects on humans. Unfortunately, even though production was stopped, it did not alleviate the environmental problems caused by PCBs already in use. The very characteristics which made PCBs so useful (high thermal and chemical stability) are now the cause for the environmental concern they are generating. Once PCBs have been released into the environment (through regular use and manufacture, transportation of wastes, leaking of hazardous waste sites, leaking of PCB-containing transformers/capacitors, etc...) they are extremely difficult to remediate. In addition, PCBs are capable of being transported great distances through the atmosphere, making them a ubiquitous pollutant found worldwide. PCBs are extremely resistant to chemical, thermal, and biological means of degradation, making treatment of contaminated areas difficult. PCBs are by design hydrophobic and lipophilic, which promotes the buildup of PCBs in animal tissues, including humans.
NASA KSC (in collaboration with Scientific Specialists) has successfully created a technology capable of remediating PCBs in a variety of materials including paints, caulking, adhesives, and concrete. This patented and licensed technology is entitled Activated Metal Treatment System (AMTS), and has been targeted for both in-situ and ex-situ removal/remediation of PCBs from the aforementioned materials. AMTS utilizes zero-valent magnesium which has been activated with a weak acid to reductively dechlorinate PCBs in a protonated solvent. While AMTS has been specifically targeted for application to paints and concrete, reactive chemistry associated with the degradation of PCBs can be applied to the remediation of PCB-contaminated sediments. The major hurdle in such an application is the need to bring the PCBs into contact with the activated magnesium surface. Unfortunately, the remediation of contaminated sediments is a much more difficult task than the remediation of materials such as painted structures. The most commonly used technique for remediation of sediments is to first dredge the contaminated area, and then remove the contaminated sediment and allow it to be disposed of in a landfill. Dredging is not a highly attractive option for PCB-contaminated sediments due to the increased likelihood of re-suspending the contaminants into the surrounding water column during the excavation effort. Once PCBs are re-suspended during an excavation activity, they once again become available to the local benthic community and other aquatic species.
Due to these factors, a more novel approach must be used in order to create a truly successful remediation system. The idea behind this technology is to utilize a two-step process for the removal and degradation of the PCBs. In the first step, a \"blanket\" of inert material (such as a simple polymer, i.e. polyethylene) would be gently lowered into the water system and pushed into the top layer of the sediments. This \"blanket\" would act as a PCB \"sponge\", capable of absorbing the PCBs that are bound in the sediments. The second step would consist of removing the \"blanket\", extracting the contaminants, and exposing the extracted PCBs to activated zero-valent magnesium in an acidified ethanol solvent to commence degradation. The second step has already been successfully demonstrated in the use of AMTS, which means that the major obstacle to overcome in this research is to produce a \"blanket\" capable of the removal efficiencies necessary to make the technique viable.
The idea to allow for creation of such as system has been captured in a New Technology Report (KSC-13579) for a system entitled Green Removal of PCBs from Sediment Systems (GRPSSs). The \"blanket\" would have a solid backing to provide a temporary cap to the contaminated sediments, which will prevent/minimize the possibility of contaminant release during the insertion and removal process. Additionally, it would utilize many extruding points, or \"fingers\", which would depress into the upper ten centimeters of the sediment layer, allowing for increased surface area contact with the contaminated zone. Also, both the \"fingers\" and the backing of the \"blanket\" would be hollow to allow for the incorporation of ethanol into the interior. This ethanol interior will provide a major advantage to the GRPSSs. Since PCBs are lipophilic and hydrophobic, they should prefer to dissolve into the ethanol (or similar non-aqueous solvent) if given the opportunity and this system will produce a concentration gradient which enhances the rate of the transport of PCBs across the membrane. Once the PCBs are in the interior of the polymer system, the \"blanket\" can be removed and the contaminants extracted and treated in the second step described previously. Additionally, the polymer \"blanket\" would be capable of being re-used multiple times should additional applications prove necessary to remediate the PCBs to acceptable levels at a single site, or to simply treat another contaminated sediment zone.
RESEARCH/DATA
A variety of polymers were initially analyzed for PCB-absorption capacity, which allowed for the best performing materials to be down-selected for additional testing. Testing started in aqueous systems but moved into more complex (but realistic) sediment systems where it was quickly realized that the addition of an ethanol interior would be of primary importance to increase the absorption/transfer of contaminants into the polymers, due to its ability to impart both a solvent reservoir and to produce an inherent concentration gradient within the system. Polymers were initially chosen for contaminant absorption ability; however consideration of materials properties were also an important factor as well. The chosen polymer had to be capable of withstanding insertion into the sediment system, as well as be compatible with the ethanol solvent interior. Testing eventually led to the selection of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) as the polymer of choice. In addition, mechanical properties were evaluated through the use a 3-D printer which allowed for the rapid production of possible spike and blanket geometries. This capability allowed for rapid and cost-effective evaluation of considerations without the need for multiple expensive molds to be created, as the designs could be produced and manufactured in-house (such as spike geometry). Recent work has focused on the development and design of the polymer blanket system for use in the field, moving beyond simple laboratory-scale testing into more real-world scenarios. A full-scale demonstration unit was designed for testing purposes, and a commercial vendor was contracted to produce injection-molded spikes. A total of 18 full-scale units were prepared for initial testing purposes and fully assembled. Initial insertion testing was performed at KSC at a local river to determine the real-life feasibility of the GPRSS technique (as can be seen in Fig. 3). As a result of this initial testing, a method for the automated insertion of the polymer “blankets” was developed which led to the generation of a New Technology Report (NTR).
Based upon the data gathered in the lab, NASA KSC has entered into a Space Act Agreement with a commercial vendor who is willing to test this innovative cleanup system at a contaminated sediments site in the State of Virginia using their internal funding. They have committed up to $20,000 in assessment costs and testing support in order to propel the technology forward. Initial deployment of the GPRSS technology was successfully accomplished in September 2013 where two separate contaminated zones were treated. Initial analysis of the pre-treatment concentrations is currently underway, and the PCB “blankets” are scheduled to be removed in late November. Analysis of the blankets and post-treatment sediment samples will be performed at that time to determine the remediation efficacy of the GPRSS technology and to evaluate the need (if any) for supplemental treatments.
FUTURE WORK
Remediation of the GPRSS Virginia field site will continue for an additional month, at which point post-treatment analysis will be performed to determine the effectiveness of the GPRSS technology. An abstract has been submitted on the field deployment for the Battelle 9th International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds which will be held in May 2014. Additional funding for further development and maturation of the GPRSS remediation technology will be pursued from the ESTCP Environmental Technologies Solicitation in January 2014.
Jacqueline Quinn, Ph.D.
Kennedy Space Center
Jacqueline.W.Quinn@nasa.gov
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