Silver biocide testing is ongoing at KSC/MSFC/JSC as a method to treat the water processor assembly and potable water systems. Ionic silver (Ag+) is being investigated as a residual biocide for use in NASA spacecraft potable water systems on future crewed missions. This water will be used to irrigate future spaceflight crop production systems. The design specifications for a silver dosing device in a spacecraft potable water system include the ability to add between 200 to 500 ppb (0.2–0.5 mg/L) of silver. Accordingly, we selected a dilution series of ionic silver to water a lettuce crop, which encompasses: (1) the highest possible dose (500 ppb) to dispense from the potable water system; (2) a dose (~125 ppb) close to the acceptable drinking water dose limits of silver, which is 100 ppb; and (3) the lowest dose (31 ppb) to represent a dose thought to have next to no adverse effects in a substrate-based system as reported in the literature. An AgFoam cartridge was used as the Ag+ doser and consisted of a 290 mL in-line flow-through polypropylene cartridge filled with an AgFoam. The AgFoam is a polyurethane and silver chloride nanoparticle (AgClNP) composite material that releases Ag+ into the water via the dissolution of the AgCl and was used to produce the three separate Ag+ concentrations (31 ppb, 125 ppb, 500 ppb). We evaluated the impact of the three concentrations of ionic silver biocide solutions on lettuce in an arcillite (calcinated clay particle substrate) and hydroponic (substrate-less) growth setup after 28 days. This work helped to determine that ionic silver must be removed from water to be used in hydroponics systems; however, systems which use a substrate such as arcillite are able to buffer the effects of silver on lettuce crop
More »Spacecraft may utilize controlled-release silver technology in potable water systems. Imparted silver ions will not be removed from the potable water effluent. Until this study, there was no existing evaluation of ionic silver levels on the space crop growth, plant nutrient content, and root zone microbiome. As a result, there were no established guidelines for its use in the space crop production setting. Currently, plant chambers such as the Advanced Plant Habitat on the International Space Station recycle their own transpired water but still require potable water to prime their water tanks and plumbing, and for occasional water volume replenishment. From this work, we determined that in a substrate-based system such as arcillite, lettuce plant growth, nutrient content, microbial diversity, and abundance are not affected by irrigation water with as high as 500 ppb ionic silver. Lettuce plants exposed to silver-treated water showed reduced growth for shoots at 31 ppb silver and severely stunted growth at 125 and 500 ppb when grown in a hydroponics system. Leaves from the hydroponic system showed the accumulation of silver and a reduced uptake of other essential elements as the silver concentration increased. It was observed that the number of microbes associated with roots and water from the growth trays of the hydroponic system increased as the concentration of silver increased. The types of microbes found on the roots and in the trays were similar but present in different relative amounts. This suggests that ionic silver exerted selective pressure on the irrigation water and the lettuce root microbiome in the hydroponics system. Future space crop production systems that lack cation-exchange capacity will need to remove silver to below 31 ppb to ensure plant health and adequate biomass for crop production. However, this biocide effect on water systems by silver does not preclude microbial resistance from occurring. In fact, subinhibitory amounts of silver over time can lead to greater microbial resistance to silver and the buildup of microbial biofilms, and this is an area for further investigation.
More »Organizations Performing Work | Role | Type | Location |
---|---|---|---|
Kennedy Space Center (KSC) | Lead Organization | NASA Center | Kennedy Space Center, Florida |
Aerodyne Microsystems, Inc. | Supporting Organization | Industry | Santa Clara, California |
Johnson Space Center (JSC) | Supporting Organization | NASA Center | Houston, Texas |
Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) | Supporting Organization | NASA Center | Huntsville, Alabama |